system design
OLTP vs OLAP
OLTP databases manage high-volume, real-time daily operations using normalized schemas to ensure fast, consistent transactions. OLAP systems analyze large historical datasets using columnar storage for complex reporting. Together, they power operational workflows and data-driven business insights.
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Preventing Duplicate Payment Charges
Idempotency keys prevent duplicate charges from network retries or multiple clicks. By mapping a unique key to a saved response, your API ensures a payment processes exactly once, every time.
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Rate Limiting Without Boundary Bursts
Suffer from 429 errors every minute boundary? Fixed-window rate limiting causes traffic stampedes. Here is how switching to the Token Bucket algorithm smoothes spikes and keeps your API running.
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Killing the N+1 Query Problem
Fix the N+1 query problem slowing down your endpoints! Learn how batching, SQL JOINs, and ORM eager loading can cut database round-trips and drop latency from 2.4s down to milliseconds.
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Decoupling Mobile from Backend Services
The Backend for Frontend (BFF) pattern rescues mobile apps from microservice chaos by acting as a single gateway that handles routing, data orchestration, and security, keeping clients fast and lightweight.
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